Act well your part for those who love you, and those who don't will start loving you.
元宵製作過程猶如在實驗室中以高科技模擬天然鑽石形成的過程而培育(lab-grown diamonds)出鑽石一般。由離子化的碳原子(猶如糯米粉末),裹上鑽石種子(猶如元宵的餡)而形成鑽石。在實驗室中,鑽石的長成包含兩個過程:高溫高壓(High pressure-high temperature, HPHT)及化學氣體分解(Chemical vapor deposition, CVD)。(化學氣相沉積)
HPHT: 由一小粒鑽石種子(diamond seed)開始(猶如元宵的餡),將鑽石種子放進碳中,並加溫至1500℃,加壓至1.5百萬psi。(一大氣壓為14.7 psi)
在此環境下,純碳將會融化並圍繞鑽石種子而開始形成鑽石(猶如元宵沾水一層一層滾上糯米粉),最後經冷卻即成純碳鑽石。
CVD: 由以上HPHT所形成的鑽石,取一小片,放進密閉氣室中,並加熱至800℃。
將密閉氣室中充滿含碳氣體,如甲烷(Methane)等。含碳氣體經如微波或雷射等技術,離子化成電漿。離子化的過程,在破壞氣體的分子鍵,使得純碳附著在鑽石種子而慢慢結晶成鑽石(猶如元宵慢慢滾大)。
未來鑽石的成分及結構,在物理上、化學上、光學上和礦採的天然鑽石無異,只是來源不同。
未來鑽石的生產過程不會破壞地球樣貌與環境生態,而且更加環保,亦無剝削勞工和血鑽石的疑慮,更令人興奮的是其售價只要礦採天然鑽石的三分之一,是珠寶鑽石界的綠色革命,是未來鑽石的主流趨勢。
喜愛鑽石的人不少,最具代表性的莫過於英國梅根王妃的3克拉婚戒 – 是出自Diamond Foundry的未來鑽石。
喜愛鑽石嗎?鑽石真的高貴,鑽石真的優雅。
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法國大文豪雨果曾云:數學、語文、音樂是開啟人類智慧的三把鑰匙。文學不僅和歷史不可分,又和音樂、數學相提並論。今元宵(2021.2.26),要來談談文學和飲食也密切相關。
美食作家焦桐曾編輯年度《飲食文選》;李昂為了自己喜愛的美食,寫出如何自製烤具及烤出美味的蕃薯。還有,要特別一提的是在台大外文系教授張※※,除了老師、學生常是桌上賓之外,也寫了一手膾炙人口的美食,尤其是《西班牙料理大章魚》,當然更少不了今夜的《追元宵》。
不過,前幾天,在FB看到她的冰箱冷凍庫中的一尾大章魚已上桌,要品嚐此「西」方國家美食,勢必要等下一隻了。
文學中的美食比起端上桌的,毫不遜色;不僅讓我們認識了文學中也有美食,而且印象更為深刻。
今晚,春節的尾聲 — 元宵夜,趁鬧元宵,也應景速寫「湯圓」和「元宵」,勉強湊上美食文學一角,也同時分享國外友人,讓他們入境隨俗,了解台灣飲食文化。
對年輕的同學、朋友而言,大概很少人知道,元宵節的代表美食 “元宵” 和平常在超市所買的湯圓是不同的。
以計算機科學而言,如果湯圓是類比的(analogue),那元宵就是數位的(digital);
以應用數學而言,如果湯圓是連續的(continuous),那元宵就是離散的(discrete);
以製造而言,如果湯圓是鑄造的(casting),那元宵就是金屬積層製程或金屬3D列印(metal additive manufacturing or metal 3D printing);
以裝飾品而言,如果湯圓是天然鑽石(natural diamonds),那元宵就是未來鑽石(Lab-grown diamonds)。
以材料而言,湯圓較具延展性(higher extension),質地較軟(lower hardness),元宵則反之。
因此,老人或小孩,吃元宵會比吃湯圓安全些。
小時候,受到姑姑的影響,每年元宵節必買元宵,追元宵,非買到不可。至年長,又帶著妹妹繼續追。早期由伍中行追到新東陽,後來由新東陽追到沁園春,今年又追到大遠百。
湯圓和元宵都是由糯米做成的包餡大湯圓,然製作過程卻大不相同。
小時候,傳統手工,湯圓是由糯米加水磨成糯米漿,再將其裝進布袋,加壓瀝乾水分,變成糯米粉。再由糯米粉中,取出一小部分煮熟成像麻糬,有了黏性,再放回原來的糯米粉,藉其粘性,將所有糯米粉黏結成一整塊,接著揉勻成結實柔軟有彈性的實心粉糰,從中取小塊切條切粒,搓成圓球形,即成湯圓。可大,可小。大的可包餡。
而製作元宵可費工夫了。和湯圓不同的是,在糯米漿壓乾後,不揉成實心粉糰,而是壓碎成糯米粉,攤舖在大淺竹篩(笸籮)上(如圖)。將若干顆花生、芝麻等小圓餡沾水放入笸籮內的糯米粉上(如圖),再用力搖,讓圓餡像滾雪球般,粘上糯米粉(如《影片1》,《影片2》,片中人是逢甲大學學生)。尚未長大的元宵,必須經反覆的沾水,再放回笸籮內,一邊搖,一邊裹上一層層的糯米粉,直至滾成所要的大小,即成元宵。(如《影片3》,《影片4》 – 片中人是逢甲大學學生)
如上所述,湯圓是先將糯米粉粘成實心粉糰,再取小塊揉圓而成。
而元宵,則藉由水分,將糯米粉末,一層一層裹成圓球。
考考你:為什麼未來鑽石的培育過程要經過兩個程序:HPHT和CVD? 由文中描述,不是在HPHT就已經培育出鑽石了嗎? 為什麼還需要CVD這個步驟? 答對者will be rewarded. 2021/1/13
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A lab-created diamond is “grown” inside a lab using cutting-edge technology that replicated the natural diamond growing process.
There are two processes labs use to grow diamonds – High Pressure-High Temperature (HPHT) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).
An HPHT diamond begins as a small diamond seed that is placed into carbon. The seed is exposed to temperatures of about 1500 degrees Celsius and pressurized to approximately 1.5 million pounds per square inch.
The pure carbon melts and starts to form a diamond around the starter seed. It is then carefully cooled to form a pure carbon diamond.
A CVD diamond begins as a thin slice of diamond seed from HPHT produced diamonds. The diamond seed is placed in a sealed chamber and heated to around 800 degrees Celsius.
The chamber is filled with a carbon rich-gas, like Methane, and other gases. The gases are ionized into plasma using technology similar to that of microwaves or lasers. The ionization breaks the molecular bonds in the gases, and the pure carbon adheres to the diamond seed and slowly crystallizes.
The Lunar New Year celebrations traditionally last for two weeks until January 15, the Lantern Festival, marking the end of Spring Festival.
For a foreigner, even most Taiwanese, there might be few having any ideas about the difference between “Yuan Xiao” and “Tang Yuan”. They are both in English called BIG glutinous rice balls with filling in them. As for the small ones with no filling, they are one traditional food made for the festivals all year round in Taiwan and becoming a common dessert in our daily lives.
However, what’s conveniently available in the supermarket, whether big or small, is Tang Yuan rather than Yuan Xiao that is only once a year particularly offered after around lunar January 5 till the Lantern Festival.
Taking advantage of celebrating the special Lantern festivals, I’d like to wish the foreign students studying in Taiwan could sample the corresponding seasonal gourmet food.
What is Yuan Hsiao? Why it is related to the lab-grown diamonds, and can be a metaphor for each other?
As for the discipline of computer science, Tang Yuan is to analog what Yuan Hsiao is to digital;
for the applied mathematics, Tang Yuan is to continuous what Yuan Hsiao is to discrete;
for the manufacturing, Tang Yuan is to the casting what Yuan Hsiao is to the metal 3D printing;
for the decoration, Tang Yuan is to the natural diamond what Yuan Hsiao is to the lab-grown diamond.